As runaway slaves crossed into the North, they demanded their freedom from the Union government. But the Lincoln administration wasn't prepared to deal with them, says Columbia University Professor Eric Foner.

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This iCue Mini-Documentary describes the division of the South by class tension during the Civil War. In addition, millions of slaves were rooting for Yankee victory.

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This iCue Mini-Documentary describes the superior resources and infrastructure of the North, which helped it overpower the South in the Civil War, even though the South had the home turf advantage.

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This iCue Mini-Documentary describes how the discovery of gold in California in 1848 led to an unprecedented migration, as thousands of people traveled west in the hopes of making it big.

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This iCue Mini-Documentary describes how, after the Civil War, some southern blacks left farms for new jobs in factories, but quickly realized that working conditions were poor and the pay was worse.

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This iCue Mini-Documentary describes "Nativism," or the resentment of foreigners, which revived in the late 19th century as greater numbers of new immigrant groups arrived in America.

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Historian Eric Foner talks about the social, political, and spiritual relevance of independent black churches created after the Civil War.

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This iCue Mini-Documentary introduces the Ku Klux Klan, organized in the late 1860s to deny rights to southern blacks. The organization began with threats and quickly incorporated violence.

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David S. Reynolds, Professor of English and American Studies at the City University of New York, discusses Ralph Waldo Emerson, the American philosopher and lecturer who, in his day, commanded crowds like a modern rock star.

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