United We Stand: Industry and Famous Strikes

Quiz Webform ID
22410
date_published
Teaser

Stand up (or sit down) for better working conditions! Test your knowledge of strikes in U.S. history.

quiz_instructions

As the work of another school year begins, Labor Day reminds us to honor the nation's workers. Since the rise of industry, workers have used strikes and other forms of protest to demand change and recognition. Select the correct answer for each of the labor-related questions below.

Quiz Answer



1. What U.S. census data does this map portray?

a. The 1930 relative concentration of "totally unemployed persons registered" in each state.
b. The 1870 relative amount of "total capital invested (in dollars) in manufacturing" in each state.
c. The 1920 relative concentration of "manufacturing establishments" in each state.
d. The 1950 relative concentration of "employed females" in each state.

By 1920, industry had established itself as a fixture of the American economy and way of life, though its hubs remained in the Mid-Atlantic. New York continued to be a center of industry, and Illinois, with the continuing rise of Chicago as an urban industrial center, had become one, as well.

2. On May 4, 1886, a peaceful workers' rally in Chicago's Haymarket Square ended in death and confusion when a dynamite bomb was thrown into a line of approaching police officers. The Haymarket Affair received nationwide media attention and the trials of the alleged guilty parties went all the way up to the U.S. Supreme Court. Four of the accused were hung and a fifth committed suicide.

What reform was the rally supporting?

a. The removal of hazardous parts-manufacturing machinery from a McCormick Harvesting Machine Company plant.
b. The passing of a minimum-wage law in the state of Illinois.
c. The paying of compensation to workers who suffered debilitating injuries from repetitive factory work.
d. The institution of the eight-hour workday.

The speakers at the Haymarket Affair supported strikers who had engaged in a May 1 nationwide walkout to support an eight-hour workday. On May 3, the first workday after the walkout, police killed two workers outside a McCormick plant during a confrontation between scabs (temporary workers hired to replace strikers) and strikers. This event provided an impetus for the Haymarket rally.

3. On February 6, 1919, more than 60,000 Seattle workers refused to work, marking the high point of a series of strikes and unrest that started in January 1919. The first labor action to effectively shut down an entire city, this strike hoped to secure what result?

a. The reinstatement of workers ousted by returning soldiers.
b. A pay raise for the city's shipyard workers.
c. The cessation of all U.S. hostilities against the Bolshevik Red Army in Russia and of any support for forces opposing the Red Army.
d. A stop to the installation of new machinery that would reduce the work force necessary in the shipyards.

During World War I, the government imposed wage controls, keeping the wages of Seattle shipyard workers down even as the shipyards expanded through war production contracts. Following the war, the workers expected a raise in their wages; when denied, approximately 25,000 members of the Metal Trades Council union alliance went on strike. A general citywide strike followed, with about 35,000 other workers striking in support of the shipyard protest. The strike officially ended on February 11—though not before touching off a widespread "Red Scare."

4. On December 30, 1936, the workers at Flint, Michigan's General Motors automobile plant began a six-week long strike to press for better working conditions. Organized by the United Auto Workers, the strike used what relatively unusual technique to make its point?

a. Strikers not only stopped working during the strike, but left town entirely, taking their families with them.
b. Strikers remained entirely silent during the strike.
c. Strikers, instead of picketing outside of the factory, occupied the factory, preventing upper management and law enforcement from entering.
d. Strikers sabotaged the factory's power supply, re-sabotaging it whenever plant management repaired it.

Known as the Flint Sit-down Strike, this strike used techniques later adapted by the civil rights movement. On December 30, workers sat down at their places and refused to leave the factory for six weeks. Provided food and supplies by supporters, the workers repelled attempts by the police to drive them out and even initiated the surprise takeover of another plant in the last two weeks of the strike.

For more information

Labourday_answer_thumbnail.jpg The map of the 1920 concentration of manufacturing establishments was generated by the University of Virginia Library's Historical Census Browser. The browser provides searchable census data for 1790 through 1960, with the option to visualize any data selections in maps such as the one above; all of the categories mentioned in Question One are categories available on the website. For Teachinghistory.org's review of the Historical Census Browser, go here.

Teachinghistory.org's reviews the Library of Congress's American Memory collection Chicago Anarchists on Trial: Evidence from the Haymarket Affair, 1886-1887 here.

The Seattle General Strike Project looks at the 1919 general strike through primary sources, including photographs, video clips, newspaper articles, and oral histories. The website is part of the University of Washington's larger Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project, collecting primary sources on civil rights and labor movements throughout the city's history. NHEC reviews the Project here.

Historical Voices provides a website on the Flint Sit-down Strike: Remembering the Flint Sit-down Strike: 1936-1937. The website provides close to 100 oral history interviews with strikers, as well as essays on the events of the strike. NHEC's review of the website can be found here.

Sources
Image
National Eight Hour Law Proclamation, 1870
National Eight Hour Law Proclamation, 1870
thumbnail
Parade banner of Veterans of the Haymarket Riot, 1895
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Upsala Area Historical Society [MN]

Description

The Upsala Area Historical Society seeks to preserve and share the history of the farming community of Upsala, Minnesota. To this end, the society operates a museum located within the 1913 Axel Borgstrom House. Exhibits cover local and state history, as well as the area's Swedish heritage.

The society offers exhibits. The website offers historical photographs.

Social Movements in Modern America: Labor, Civil Rights, and Feminism

Description

From Indiana University's website:

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Contact name
Dr. Barbara Truesdell
Contact email
Registration Deadline
Sponsoring Organization
National Endowment for the Arts, Indiana University
Phone number
8128552856
Target Audience
9-12
Start Date
Cost
Free; $2,700 stipend
Course Credit
"Upon successful completion of the summer institute “Social Movements in Modern America: Labor, Civil Rights, and Feminism,” you will earn professional development points (PDPs or CEUs) according to the guidelines of your own school districts."
Duration
Three weeks
End Date

The Ashcan School

Description

From the National Humanities Center website:

"'How did the ethnically and culturally diverse urban environment of early twentieth-century America find its way into art? How did artists see the new immigrants who flooded into American cities from 1890 on? What kinds of visual languages did they draw on in approaching a subject that had been generally off limits to painters of the previous generation—the urban poor? This workshop will look at how the Ash Can artists built on older visual and art historical traditions, while also considering what was new about their work. It will also consider the subject matter they shared with the popular culture of early twentieth-century films, graphic journalism, and cartooning. Using a variety of perspectives, this workshop will consider the role of the visual in exploring the defining challenges of a pluralistic urban democracy in the new century."

Registration Deadline
Sponsoring Organization
National Humanities Center
Target Audience
"K-12 U.S. History and American Literature teachers"
Start Date
Cost
$35
Course Credit
"The National Humanities Center programs are eligible for recertification credit. Each workshop will include ninety minutes of instruction plus ninety minutes of preparation. Because the workshops are conducted online, they may qualify for technology credit in districts that award it. The Center will supply documentation of participation."
Duration
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Description

From the Newberry Library website:

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Contact email
Sponsoring Organization
Newberry Library
Phone number
312-255-3700
Target Audience
General public
Start Date
Cost
$170
Duration
Six weeks
End Date

Prairie House Foundation [OK]

Description

"The Prairie House Foundation was incorporated on January 04, 2002 in Duncan, Oklahoma by a concerned citizen, Mrs. Jerry Pat (Gail) Loafman, after she purchased the W. T. Foreman house from the Duncan School System in an attempt to prevent its demise. Mrs. Loafman sold the house to the Prairie House Foundation on May 15, 2002." The foundation's main goal is to renovate and preserve the W.T. Foreman house, a historically and architecturally important structure. To this end, the foundation is currently working on raising funds needed for the renovation.

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The site is under restoration.

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Description

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Contact name
Schramm, Richard R.
Registration Deadline
Sponsoring Organization
National Humanities Center
Phone number
877-271-7444
Target Audience
High
Start Date
Cost
Free; $1,000 stipend
Contact Title
Vice President for Education Programs
Duration
Eleven days
End Date

Save Our Steel [PA]

Description

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The site offers a photo gallery featuring 13 photographs, organization information, a calendar of events, ways to get involved, an online store, and resources for potential citizen-advocates.

This organization is planning to use the historic Bethlehem Steel site for historical interpretation, commercial functions, and residential zoning.

Columbia CA Chamber of Commerce [CA]

Description

The Columbia CA Chamber of Commerce is dedicated towards preserving and aiding in the everyday operation of the Columbia State Historic Park, which is located in Columbia, California. Columbia was one of the first gold rush towns in California, and was founded in 1850 along a particularly large vein of gold, and so was very successful. Unlike many other gold rush towns, Columbia was never truly abandoned, and was incorporated into the California State Park system in 1945.

The site offers a history of Columbia, a listing of merchants and lodging in and around Columbia, and an events calendar.

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