1. Nellie Bly (Elizabeth Jane Cochran). Investigative undercover reporter for the New York World and globe traveler. Lived 1864-1922.

2. Annie Smith Peck. Amateur American archeologist of Greek antiquities, and world's most famous mountaineer. Scaled Mt. Shasta, the Matterhorn, Popocatépetl, Orizaba, and Huascarán, among others. Lived 1850-1935.

3. Marguerite Harrison. Reporter for the Baltimore Sun and spy in revolutionary Russia. First foreign woman to be held by Bolshevists in the Lubyanka prison. Explorer and cinematographer in China and among the Bakhtiari in Central Asia. Lived 1879-1957.

4. Annie Edson Taylor. Unemployed schoolteacher who, at age 63, was the first person to survive going over Niagara Falls in a barrel, on October 24, 1901. Lived 1838-1931.

5. Mabel Stark (Mary Haynie). Daughter of Kentucky farmers. Joined the circus and, during the 1920s, became the world's most famous and skilled tiger and lion trainer, working with up to 18 cats at once. Lived 1889-1968.

6. Sonora Webster Carver. As a teenager in 1923, the first woman performer to dive on horseback 40 feet down into a deep pool of water at the Steel Pier in Atlantic City. Regularly performed the stunt for two decades, even after being blinded in 1931 during a dive. Lived 1904-2003.

7. Georgia "Tiny" Broadwick. In 1908, at age 15, became the first woman to use a parachute (from a hot air balloon), then in 1913, the first woman to make a jump from an aircraft. Trial tested parachute designs for the U.S. Army, and in 1914 made the first free fall parachute jump. Made over 1,100 jumps. Lived 1893-1978.

1. Runyon v. McCrary, 1976: Private schools may not discriminate on the basis of race.

The Court decided that the 1871 Civil Rights Act gave the federal government power to override private as well as state-supported racial discrimination.

2. Epperson v. Arkansas, 1968: Prohibiting the teaching of evolution in public schools is unconstitutional.

The Court took on the case despite the fact that the state of Arkansas had never attempted to enforce its statute against teaching evolution.

3. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954: Racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional.

State laws that had set up "separate but equal" schools for black students and white students were overturned, because such schools were "inherently unequal," and so violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.

4. Meyer v. Nebraska, 1923: Prohibiting the teaching of foreign languages in grade schools is unconstitutional.

A Nebraska law had prohibited the teaching (before high school) of any subject to any child in any language other than English. The plaintiff was a parochial school teacher who had taught German to one of his students.

5. Abington School District v. Schempp, 1963: Requiring the reading of Bible verses in public school classrooms is unconstitutional.

A Pennsylvania State law had required public schools to open each day with a reading, without comment, of 10 Bible verses.

6. Pierce v. Society of Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary, 1925: Parents may send their children to private schools rather than public schools.

The State of Oregon had been on the verge of forcing all children to attend public schools in order to encourage immigrants' assimilation.

7. Engel v. Vitale, 1962: Requiring the recitation in public schools of an official school prayer is unconstitutional.

A Hyde Park, New York, school had opened each school day with a prayer addressed "Almighty God," which the Court held violated the Establishment Clause of the 1st Amendment (extended to the individual states by the 14th Amendment).

8. United States v. Virginia, 1996: Excluding either gender from any public school is unconstitutional.

The Court ruled that the Virginia Military Institute had not demonstrated a persuasive reason for excluding women, and so violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.

9. Wisconsin v. Yoder, 1972: Parents may refuse to send their children to school after 8th grade if it violates their religious beliefs.

Amish parents had taken their children out of school after 8th grade, for religious reasons, and state authorities had attempted to force them to attend high school.

10. Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 1969: Student protest is protected by 1st Amendment freedom of speech.

The protest in question was students' wearing of black armbands with peace symbols during the Vietnam War.

1.
b. 1965-1970

2.
a. 1935-1940

3.
c. 1995-2000

Overall, the census data describes the following pattern of migration flow between California and the other states, showing the periods 1955 to 1960 in red and 1995 to 2000 in blue:

All of these maps are from Trudy A. Suchan et al's Census Atlas of the United States (Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007), available online, as well as in print. Check out Chapter 7, "Migration," for further data and visualizations on migration trends.

1. A statue of Martin Luther King, Jr. stands on a pedestal engraved with these words: "His dream liberated [. . .] from itself and began a new day of love, mutual respect, and cooperation." Which city fills in the gap?

a. Birmingham, AL

The statue stands in Kelly Ingram Park in Birmingham, AL. The park, which predates the civil rights movement, was used by Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) as a staging point for nonviolent protests in 1963. Protesters, many of them local schoolchildren, massed here to organize for sit-ins, boycotts, and marches; in the streets around the park, law enforcement officers drenched protestors with fire hoses and menaced them with dogs. Photographs of these events created some of the most enduring images of the movement.

Today, the park contains the Freedom Walk, which leads visitors past a number of statues related to the protests, including statues of the dog attacks and children in jail.

2. A 30-foot-tall black granite pinnacle encircled by spirals of steel rises from a pool of water in front of you. You're standing in front of a memorial to Martin Luther King, Jr. in what city?

d. Seattle, WA

The Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Park in Seattle, WA, honors the memory of King with an abstract sculpture inspired by his final speech, "I've Been to the Mountaintop." No specific event in the civil rights movement or in King's life took place at this location; like memorials, events, and other observances nationwide, the Memorial Park sculpture, by Seattle artist Robert Kelly, reminds the surrounding community not of specific historical events but of the assumed spirit of King's life and of the civil rights movement.

3. A well-muscled African American man, wearing only a loincloth, holds his newborn up to the sky. Which city are you visiting now?

d. Atlanta, GA

Sculptor Patrick Morelli's BEHOLD stands in the Peace Plaza in Atlanta, GA. Around the plaza range sites important in the life of Martin Luther King, Jr., including his birth home and Ebenezer Baptist Church, where King preached as co-pastor with his father. Newer sites also surround the statue and plaza: The King Center, the location of King's tomb, founded by King's widow, Coretta Scott King, and the Martin Luther King, Jr. Visitor Center, maintained by the National Park Service.

4. Surrounded by trees, you walk from one upwelling of water to the next. Each small fountain, set back into a semicircular niche of stone, commemorates a martyr to the civil rights movement. You're strolling through the King memorial in which city?

c. Washington, DC

The Martin Luther King, Jr., National Memorial does not yet exist, but the memorial's design has been completed and ground broken, ceremonially, on the proposed site. When finished, the envisioned four-acre memorial will be positioned along the edge of the Tidal Basin, along a sightline stretching from the Lincoln Memorial to the Jefferson Memorial. Difficulties and controversy have dogged the memorial's progress, including backlash when Chinese sculptor Lei Yixin was chosen to carve the nearly-three-story-tall statue of King that will anchor the memorial.

1. "This Government is menaced with great danger, and that danger cannot be averted by the triumph of the party of protection, nor by that of free trade, nor by the triumph of single tax or of free silver. That danger lies in the votes possessed by the males in the slums of the cities, and the ignorant foreign vote which was sought to be bought up by each party, to make political success."

Carrie Chapman Catt, 1894: Some white women suffrage leaders were willing to use class, ethnic, and racial arguments to bolster the case for granting white women the vote. In 1894 (a year of extraordinary class conflict that included the national Pullman and coal strikes), Catt addressed an Iowa suffrage gathering and maintained that women’s suffrage was necessary to counter "the ignorant foreign vote" in American cities and protect the life and property of native-born Americans. See text here.

2. "Nothing strengthens the judgment and quickens the conscience like individual responsibility. Nothing adds such dignity to character as the recognition of one’s self-sovereignty; the right to an equal place, everywhere conceded—a place earned by personal merit, not an artificial attainment by inheritance, wealth, family and position."

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 1892: Speaking to fellow suffragists on the occasion of her retirement as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, Stanton repeated this speech before a U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary and a U.S. Senate Committee on Woman Suffrage. The speech was published in the Woman's Journal and 10,000 copies of the text from the Congressional Record were reprinted and distributed throughout the country.

3. "I am not . . . in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them . . . to intermarry with white people."

Abraham Lincoln, 1858: During his debates with Stephen Douglas, Lincoln referenced his concerns with race, reflecting prevalent nineteenth-century attitudes. At one point he even advocated black settlements in Haiti, Central America, or Africa. While his primary purpose was to preserve the Union, he issued the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation to free slaves, forever changing the construct of race in the United States. See the special edition of the Organization of American Historians' Magazine of History, vol. 21:4 (October 2007) for more information on Lincoln, race, and slavery.

4. "It is true that a strong plea for equal suffrage might be addressed to the national sense of honor."

Frederick Douglass, 1867: In January 1867, Douglass appealed to Congress for impartial suffrage. He believed that restrictions of rights for blacks restricted rights for all people, and that the nation needed the great potential strength located in African Americans, to share the burdens of society. Here is the full text of his speech.

5. "The vote is the most powerful instrument ever devised by man for breaking down injustice and destroying the terrible walls which imprison men because they are different from other men."

Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965: When the Voting Rights Bill was signed on August 6, 1965, Johnson addressed the nation from the Capitol Rotunda, calling the historic day a triumphal victory. He then charged the Attorney General to file a lawsuit against the constitutionality of poll taxes, and the Department of Justice to work to register voters who were previously denied the right. "I pledge you that we will not delay, or we will not hesitate, or we will not turn aside until Americans of every race and color and origin in this country have the same right as all others to share in the process of democracy." See full text here.

6. "Always vote for principle, though you may vote alone, and you may cherish the sweetest reflection that your vote is never lost."

John Quincy Adams: In 1824 the presidential race included five candidates: Speaker of the House Henry Clay, Secretary of Treasury William H. Crawford, Secretary of War John C. Calhoun, Andrew Jackson, and John Quincy Adams. After Crawford suffered a stroke, there was no clear favorite. No candidate had a majority of the electoral votes. According to the 12th Amendment, the election went to the House of Representatives to vote on the top three candidates: Jackson, Adams, and Crawford. As Speaker of the House, Clay voiced his support of Adams, who shared a similar platform. The House elected Adams, who became the only U.S. president who did not win the popular vote or the electoral vote.

7. "Voting is the most precious right of every citizen, and we have a moral obligation to ensure the integrity of our voting process."

Hillary Clinton, 2005: On February 17, 2005, U.S. Senators Hillary Clinton (D-NY) and Barbara Boxer (D-CA) presented comprehensive voting reform legislation to make sure that every American is able to vote and every vote is counted. The Count Every Vote Act was introduced but did not pass.