Go West, Young Woman!
It’s Women’s History Month, a good time to remember that women, as well as men, settled the West—and recorded their experiences. Answer the following questions on excerpts from the records of 19th-century (and one early 20th-century) women.
1. It was after dark when we came in sight of the camp and a dismal looking it is the tents are all huddled in together and the wagons are interspersed some are singing and laughing some are praying children crying &c. every sound may be heard from one tent to another . . .
This entry comes from a diary recording one woman's experience on:
c. The Mormon Trail
In her diary, 18-year-old Emmeline B. Wells describes her experiences on the trail from Nauvoo, IL, to Garden Grove, IA. In 1846, Mormons, followers of the Church of Latter-day Saints, began to migrate west from their settlement in Nauvoo due to persecution, following a trail that, for much of its length, closely followed the Oregon Trail. Wells's diary describes the first half of this journey; as 1846 ended, the Mormons would winter in Iowa and then continue on to the territory that would become Utah. Wells relates experiences both general to all trailgoers and specific to women—the diary ends with her husband unexpectedly abandoning her, and her grief at the event.
2. There were no battlefields, but over every mile of the long trail stalked the shadow of death. And what was waiting to greet us in [. . .]? A wilderness marked by faint trails of wild Indian feet (wilder than wild animals that would tear with bloody claws) and slow, agonizing death caused by the poison fangs of rattlesnakes who were in countless numbers.
This paragraph from a memoir by a female pioneer describes which state?
b. California
Lee Summers Whipple-Haslam, near the end of her life, wrote a memoir of her experiences as a child traveling to and living in California during the Gold Rush. Whipple-Haslam's parents brought her to California in 1850, where her mother ran a boarding house and her father prospected. Critics accused the memoir, published in 1925, of being more nostalgic fantasy than precise memory, but it still provides one woman's latter-life interpretation of the Gold Rush and California settlement.
3. We all take names - Wajapa names me, Ma-she-ha-the. It means, The motion of eagle as he sweeps high in the air. He gives me the name of his family and band. He belongs to the eagle family. Ma-she means high, ha-the means eagle.
In this diary extract, a woman is describing an encounter with which Native American group?
a. The Dakota Sioux
In this excerpt from her September 23, 1881 diary entry, ethnologist Alice Fletcher describes her assumption of a Sioux Dakota name before spending a month and a half studying the lives of Native Americans in the Dakota Territory. Fletcher, a woman from a well-off family, had developed a vocational interest in ethnology that led her to undertake this study. Like many other male and female reformers of the day, she would go on to attempt to "civilize" Native American culture through education and political action.
4.
In this image, a female photographer captures a scene in what city?
b. San Francisco
Words aren't the only medium in which women could capture their life experiences in the West. Here, photographer Laura Adams Armer records a street scene from San Francisco, c. 1910. Armer worked as a portrait photographer in San Francisco in the early 1900s, taking time to preserve not only portraits of native San Franciscans but also photographs of the life of the city—and, later in her career, of the lives of southwestern Native Americans, particularly Navajo communities.
Read the full text of Emmeline B. Wells's diary at the Library of Congress's American Memory collection Trails to Utah and the Pacific: Diaries and Letters, 1846-1849. The collection includes diaries written by three other women traveling the westward trails; refer to the author index and introductory essay for more information.
The first few sections of Lee Summers Whipple-Haslam's memoir, Early Days in California; Scenes and Events of the '50s as I Remember Them, can be read online in the American Memory collection "California as I Saw It:" First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849-1900. Try the subject heading "Women" in the "Browse" menu for more primary sources written by women.
Alice Fletcher's diary of her time with the Dakota Sioux can be read in full at the National Anthropological Archives' exhibit Camping With the Sioux: Fieldwork Diary of Alice Cunningham Fletcher. Kate and Sue McBeth, Missionary Teachers to the Nez Perce Indians offers the diaries of two other women who took up the cause of Native American assimilation in the late 19th century.
Yale University's Women Artists of the American West features photographs by Laura Adams Armer and other female photographers of the American West, as well as essays on the women and their work.
For suggestions on analyzing diaries and other personal narratives, try Making Sense of Letters and Diaries by professor, author, and historian Steven Stowe.
- Daniel A. Jenks, "Camp 100 - Humbolt [sic] River," 1869, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Collection (accessed November 28, 2009).
- Library of Congress, "California as I Saw It:" First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849-1900 (accessed November 28, 2009).
- Library of Congress, Trails to Utah and the Pacific: Diaries and Letters, 1846-1849 (accessed November 28, 2009).
- National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Camping With the Sioux: Fieldwork Diary of Alice Cunningham Fletcher (accessed November 18, 2009).
- Peter E. Palmquist, Women Artists of the American West, Women in Photography International Archive (accessed November 28, 2009).
- Joseph B. Starkweather, "In Auburn Ravine," 1852, Online Archive of California (accessed November 28, 2009).
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