Mark Twain Boyhood Home and Museum [MO]

Description

The Mark Twain Boyhood Home and Museum properties includes eight buildings: six historically significant buildings and two interactive museums whose collections include 15 original Norman Rockwell paintings. A self-guided tour of the Mark Twain Boyhood Home and Museum properties gives visitors the chance to explore the Hannibal of Samuel Clemens's childhood and experience the beloved stories he created as Mark Twain through the power of his imagination.

The site offers exhibits, tours, educational programs, and recreational and educational events.

Friends of the James Farm and Museum [MO]

Description

Until 1978, the James farm was owned by the descendents of Frank and Jesse James. Today, a museum has been added to the site, displaying Jesse James and James family artifacts including three of Jesse's guns; the boots he was wearing when he was killed; and the family Bible, with inscriptions written in Zerelda's own hand. The farm and house look much as they did when Zerelda was giving the tours and is fully furnished with items that belonged to the James and Samuel families.

The museum and farm offer exhibits, tours, and research library access.

Pena-Peck House

Description

The Peña-Peck House was constructed around 1750 by order of the King of Spain to be the residence of his royal Treasurer, Juan Esteban de Peña. The Peña-Peck House sits on St. George Street at the heart of the historic district. Built of native coquina stone, it is the finest surviving First Spanish Period home in the city. Today the loggias and the first floor remain little changed.

Cheney Homestead [CT]

Description

Timothy Cheney, farmer, miller and one of America's famous clock makers, built the Cheney Homestead about 1785. A brook to the south of the home afforded water for the grist mill which he operated with his son George.

On October 25, 1798, George Cheney brought his bride, Electa Woodbridge Cheney, to the Homestead to "keep house". To the couple were born eight sons and one daughter. With the exception of George Wells who had died, and Seth and John who became well-known artists, the brothers joined in establishing the Mt. Nebo Silk Company. The firm later incorporated as Cheney Brothers and became world famous as a leader in the silk industry.

Heritage Center of Dickinson County [KS]

Description

The Center consists of two historical museums and surrounding outdoor exhibits. The Historical Museum depicts life on the plains during the American pioneer movement and westward expansion periods. Exhibits treat topics including Native American and pioneer life, railroads, agriculture, and the Victorian and cow-town eras. The Museum of Independent Telephony recreates the unique flavor of early independent telephone system history with hands-on displays of antique telephones, insulators, switchboards, and pay stations. Outside is the Pioneer Community, with actual buildings from around the county and the Parker Carousel, a national landmark carousel. Exhibits include a log cabin, barn, store, phone office, agriculture equipment, windmill, chickens and more.

The center offers exhibits, tours, educational programs, and occasional recreational and educational events (including living history events).

Christian Heurich House Museum [DC]

Description

Visitor to this Victorian mansion can step back into family life in Washington at the turn of the century. The Victorian interior decorations and furnishings remain largely unchanged since it was built in the late 19th century. Looking very much like a medieval castle, this 31-room mansion was designed by John Granville Myers for local brewer Christian Heurich, between 1894–1896. The interior is predominately Renaissance and Rococo Revival.

The house offers tours.

Liberty Hall Restoration

Description

Guided tour of the Kenan family ancestral home, a restored Southern plantation of the 1800s. Eleven rooms, 12 dependencies including garden shop, wine cellar, carriage house, servants quarters, chicken house, smokehouse, overseer's cottage, woodshed, tool house, wash shed and necessary house(bathhouse and privy). Also, Visitor's Center Exhibit Hall, 13-minute video and gift shop. Herb garden and recently added rose garden. There is an admission charge.

New England Puritans

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helmet worn by a pilgrim, image from New York Public Library
Question

I am teaching The Scarlet Letter in my AP Literature class and need some higher-level resources that discuss the Puritan lifestyle, from dress to their interactions with natives to their belief systems. Do you know of several resources?

Answer

On the material culture of Plymouth Colony, including descriptions of housing, furniture, clothing, and family life and relationships, you could look at John Demos, A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony, or his, Remarkable Providences: Readings on Early American History. Also good is David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America, section on “The Exodus of the English Puritans, 1629-41.”

Easily the most influential book about the New England Puritans' religion has been Perry Miller's 1956, Errand into the Wilderness. More recent and well-regarded books include Sacvan Bercovitch, The Puritan Origins of the American Self and David D. Hall, Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment: Popular Religious Belief in Early New England.

Online, Professor Donna M. Campbell’s valuable web pages on “Puritanism in New England” may help begin to clarify some of the Puritans’ religious beliefs.

Also online, you can find plenty to read and assign in volumes 1 and 2 of A Library of American Literature, edited by Edmund Stedman and Ellen Hutchinson, and compiled and published in 1887, and which is available via Google Books. The editors included diverse short selections from Puritan writers describing their inner and outer lives and their adventures in settling in America.

A newer anthology of Puritan writings, focusing exclusively on religion (and not available on the web), is The Puritans in America: A Narrative Anthology, edited by Alan Heimert and Andrew Delbanco, published in 1985 by Harvard University Press.

Teaching The Scarlet Letter and also reading historical works from and about the Puritans provides an opportunity to emphasize to students that Hawthorne's work was one of historical fiction, written almost two centuries after the events it imagined. Students can easily understand that the book is fiction because the specific people and events its described did not actually exist. They may need some help, however, in understanding that Hawthorne's Puritan world might differ from the real Puritans' world, or in understanding that Hawthorne's fictional enterprise was deeply imbued with mid-19th-century sensibilities and preoccupations. A 17th-century Puritan would never have written a book like it.

For more information

Sacvan Bercovitch, The Puritan Origins of the American Self. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978.

David D. Hall, Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment: Popular Religious Belief in Early New England. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990.

Alan Heimert and Andrew Delbanco, eds. The Puritans in America: A Narrative Anthology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985.

Bibliography

John Demos, A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony. 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

John Demos, Remarkable Providences: Readings on Early American History, rev. edition. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1991.

David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Perry Miller, Errand into the Wilderness. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1956

Colonial Teenagers

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Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte at age 19, by Gilbert Stuart
Question

What was life in the American colonies like for teenagers?

Answer

In colonial America, there were not really any “teenagers” as we know them. Of course, children passed through the decade that we know as the “teens,” but that stage of their lives was not the carefree, exploratory period that today’s youth experience. Children grew into adulthood more quickly than they do today, and by the time a child entered their teen years, they were already on a path toward their life’s occupation. Although a youth’s path to adulthood depended on their family’s socio-economic status, regardless of wealth, young men usually learned their trade through some form of apprenticeship.

Children from poor families were often bound out to servitude at a young age, earning their keep while learning a trade. In the seventeenth century, 80% of the Chesapeake’s immigrants were indentured servants. Many of these servants were over the age of 20, but a significant number were young men and women still in their teens. In return for their passage to the Chesapeake, these servants agreed to work for a period of time, usually between four and seven years, without pay. During their service, masters provided food, clothing and shelter, and at the end of their term, servants received “freedom dues,” usually three barrels of corn and a suit of clothes. Many of these youths were orphans, but some were from indigent families who could not care for their children, and therefore sent them off to find their own fortunes. But a young person did not have to travel across the Atlantic to enter into servitude. At the age of 12, Benjamin Franklin was apprenticed to his brother, James, a Philadelphia printer. In his autobiography, Franklin recalled that his brother was “passionate” and often beat him. “Thinking my apprenticeship very tedious,” Franklin stated, he “was continually wishing for some opportunity of shortening it.” At the age of 17, Franklin ran away from his brother’s household.

Children of wealthier families also took on considerable responsibility at a young age. Children from families of middling means often learned how to read and write, especially if they lived in urban areas. By the time they were in their mid-teens, sons were at work in the family farm or business, learning the trade that they would probably practice the rest of their lives. In the wealthiest families adolescent boys were often sent to boarding school, and then when they were around 15 years of age, they entered institutions such as Harvard, William and Mary, or Yale. After finishing their formal education, many took apprenticeships as clerks in merchant offices or law offices, or they returned home to follow their fathers’ profession.

Only young men were allowed to pursue higher education. Although there were a few opportunities for girls to receive a more extensive formal education in the colonial period, most families kept their daughters at home to learn how to run a household and to be a dutiful mate for her future husband. There were rare exceptions to this convention, however. In 1738, when Eliza Lucas was 15, her father moved her and her mother from Antigua, West Indies, to a plantation near Charleston, South Carolina. Her father’s travels with the army and her mother’s ill health forced Eliza to manage the family business. In a letter to a woman friend, Eliza Lucas described her duties: “I have the business of 3 plantations to transact, which requires much writing and more business and fatigue of other sorts than you can imagine.” But, she assured her friend that “I think myself happy that I can be useful to so good a father, and by rising very early I find I can go through much business.” Lucas assumed an unusual burden as a young woman, but eventually she followed a somewhat conventional path – she married a planter and had children, yet she continued to hold considerable responsibility in the management of her husband’s plantations.

For more information

Brewer, Holly. By Birth or Consent: Children, Law, and the Anglo-American Revolution in Authority. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.

Demos, John. A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.

Herndon, Ruth Wallis and John E. Murray, eds. Children Bound to Labor: The Pauper Apprentice System in Early America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009.

Marten, James, ed. Children in Colonial America. New York: New York University Press, 2007.

Bibliography

Eliza Lucas Pinckney. The Letterbook of Eliza Lucas Pinckney, 1739-1762. Ed. by Elise Pinckney and Marvin R. Zahniser. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1972.

Waters House History Center [MD]

Description

The Waters House History Center contains Montgomery County, MD census records; genealogy texts; history publications; 350,000 photographs, largely from 1968 through 1999; an architectural collection; land surveys; newspapers; and Bibles. The oldest portions of the Waters House date to the 1790s.

The resource center offers research library access.