Organizing History Through Images

Teaser

In this lesson, students will organize photographs both chronologically and conceptually in order to construct a narrative of the Holocaust.

lesson_image
Description

Students organize photographs from the U.S. Holocaust Museum both chronologically and conceptually in order to construct a narrative of the Holocaust.

Article Body

In this lesson, students organize photographs in order to tell the story of the Holocaust and construct an evidentiary narrative that makes sense to them. The lesson does not include any “correct” ordering or organization of the photographs and instead encourages students to experiment with organizing them both chronologically and thematically.

This lesson also guides students through the process of revising conclusions based on the discovery of additional historical evidence. Students are given a definition of the Holocaust and asked to consider or revise the definition with each new photograph in order to illustrate how historical narratives change depending on the available evidence.

Reading and analyzing primary texts can often be a daunting task for students who struggle with basic literacy skills. However, because this lesson presents historical data in the form of photographs, it is an excellent way to provide all students with access to the historical process, and to support historical thinking with struggling readers or English language learners.

For more advanced or older students, the supplementary activity asks students to read and incorporate brief testimonies of survivors into their definition of the Holocaust.

Topic
The Holocaust
Time Estimate
2 Class Sessions
flexibility_scale
4
Rubric_Content_Accurate_Scholarship

Yes

Rubric_Content_Historical_Background

Yes
The lesson requires students to “read” photographs and write a detailed “definition” of the Holocaust.

Rubric_Content_Read_Write

Yes
Captions and dates for each photograph are included in the lesson. There are additional background materials available.

Rubric_Analytical_Construct_Interpretations

Yes
Students construct an interpretation of the Holocaust using photographs.

Rubric_Analytical_Close_Reading_Sourcing

Yes
Students closely “read” photographs and accompanying source information.

Rubric_Scaffolding_Appropriate

Yes
Some of the photographs are disturbing (as is to be expected given the lesson’s topic).

Rubric_Scaffolding_Supports_Historical_Thinking

Yes
A student worksheet guides students through the process of analyzing each photograph and helps them focus on relevant details.

Rubric_Structure_Assessment

Yes
Some general strategies for assessment are provided. Teachers will want to determine and communicate their criteria for assessment.

Rubric_Structure_Realistic

Yes

Rubric_Structure_Learning_Goals

Yes

Sakura: Cherry Blossoms as Living Symbols of Friendship

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Annotation

In 1912, Japan presented Washington, DC, with 3,000 cherry trees as a gift. This Library of Congress exhibit uses primary sources to explore the history of the trees, the National Cherry Blossom Festival that grew up around them, and Japan/U.S. relations.

Primary sources are divided up by four themes. "Art and Documentation" includes three sources: a letter from Tokyo mayor Yei Theodora Ozaki to First Lady Helen Taft on the gift of the trees, a memo on artwork acquired by botanist Walter Tennyson Swingle in Japan, and a photograph of Swingle and Seisaku Funatsu, one of the group of Japanese experts who cultivated the trees gifted to the U.S.

In "A Special Gift to Washington from the City of Tokyo," visitors can view Swingle's collection of 11 Japanese watercolors depicting different types of cherry trees.

"Cherry Blossoms in Japanese Cultural History" collects 15 pieces of Japanese artwork depicting traditional hanami (flower viewing), as well as two pieces of Western artwork showing Japanese influence. Also included in this section are 12 stereographs of Japan during cherry blossom time, created between 1904 and 1908 for Western audiences.

"Enduring Symbols of Friendship" includes nine sources exploring the place of the cherry trees in Japan/U.S. relations. A 1938 Japanese magazine cover, notes for a 1934 speech by Japanese ambassador Hiroshi Satou, and a photo of children from the Japanese Embassy at the Tidal Basin show pre-World War II peace. Two political cartoons show how quickly the trees became a symbol of DC, and a photograph shows U.S. cherry blossom viewers during World War II. The section also features three photographs from a 2011 photography contest associated with the National Cherry Blossom Festival.

Visitors can also click on "Exhibition Items" to view all 55 primary sources, sortable alphabetically or by theme.

Some sources lack annotations, and existing annotations are sparse. However, this is a unique collection of sources that could be used as jumping-off points for exploring cultural exchange, international relations over time, and DC history.

White House Historical Association

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Annotation

The White House Historical Association works "to enhance the understanding, appreciation and enjoyment of the White House." The website has a number of useful educational resources if you know where to look.

Start with the Themes and Media page that gathers educational resources from the entire website into thematic categories from African American history to protests. Within each collection, you'll find relevant selections from the website's pool of 10 text timelines, more than 15 online exhibits and tours, and more than 20 lesson plans labeled by grade level. One exhibit covers the political symbolism of, and national reaction to, First Lady Lou Hoover's invitation of Jessie DePriest, wife of the first African American elected to Congress in the 20th century, to tea.

The History page gathers the majority of these resources in one location. From information on artwork in the White House to milestones in White House staff history to White House pets, there's plenty to discover.

Most of the content in the Classroom section overlaps with that in History. However, here you can access all available lesson plans, sorted by grade level (K–3, 4–8, 9–12), as well as more than 10 primary sources. Finally, this is the place to go for more information on touring the White House or reserving a program for your DC Metro-area classroom.

Civilian Public Service Story

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Annotation

The Civilian Public Service Story answers the question, "Did individuals conscripted for World War II who were strongly opposed to killing have to fight?" The answer, something rarely discussed, is no. In the words of the site's introductory page, "Civilian Public Service (CPS) was a program developed at the onset of WWII which provided those whose conscience forbade them to kill, the opportunity to do work of national importance under civilian direction rather than go to war. Nearly 12,000 men made this choice, and many women voluntarily joined the cause. They fought forest fires, worked in mental institutions, planted trees, did dairy testing and served as subjects for medical experiments in more than 150 camps scattered throughout the United States."

The section "The Story Begins" consists of a brief summary of the history of conscientious objection in the U.S., beginning with colonial times. You can also find an annotated bibliography, listing approximately 18 works. Note that these works, and this site in its entirety, are intended for adult users. However, this does not preclude the information from being useful for K–12 history education.

"The People" consists of a few statistics on the World War II CPS population as well as a database of the men and women of the CPS, reproduced with permission from the Center of Conscience and War. These records, searchable and alphabetized by last name, may include year of birth, community, religious denomination, CPS entrance and exit dates, spouse, camps and units, higher education, and pre- and post-CPS occupation. These records may be of the most use in a classroom setting, as they could spark local history or oral history projects. "The Camps" provides a similar feature. Consider looking into CPS camps that were in your area using the map application on the site.

The Road to Pearl Harbor

Teaser

Explore the rise of animosity between the U.S. and Japan through primary source documents and related classroom activities.

lesson_image
Description

Explore the rise of animosity between the U.S. and Japan through primary source documents and related classroom activities.

Article Body

Four separate lessons make up this unit on “The Road to Pearl Harbor.” Like most lesson plans from EDSITEment—a project of the National Endowment for the Humanities—this unit is full of rich primary source material and a wide variety of related classroom activities. The unit is guided by four questions, designed to help students understand the long run-up to military conflict between the U.S. and Japan. Reflecting those questions, the unit is divided into four lessons: exploring the growth of U.S./Japanese hostility during World War I and after, looking at American foreign policy during the Sino-Japanese Conflict in the 1930s, examining the Japanese “Southern Advance” of 1940 and 1941, and finally, highlighting the failures of diplomacy that ultimately led to war. The unit does an excellent job of representing historical contingency—revealing how the bombing of Pearl Harbor was actually the product of decades of history. Further, it will help students understand the multiple causes of Japanese aggression—from Japanese imperial ambition to U.S. foreign policies. Each lesson comes with a brief but complete historical background essay embedded with hyperlinks to primary sources, clear and concise suggestions for student activities, worksheets, and ideas for formal and informal assessment. And the interactive timeline tool is an excellent resource that pairs nicely with other aspects of the lessons. There are some things to watch out for, though. Many of the primary sources are long and will need to be carefully selected or vigorously edited, depending on your students’ reading level and persistence. The assessments are only roughly outlined, meaning that teachers will need to fill in the details and establish their own grading criteria. Additionally, while lessons range in length from 1–2 class periods to 3–4 class periods, they collectively require fairly extensive class time—roughly two weeks; consequently, they will most likely need to be used selectively. However, this unit is still an excellent resource. By picking and choosing from among the activities, carefully selecting documents, and further developing one or two assessments, teachers can adapt the lesson to their particular needs.

Topic
The Road to Pearl Harbor: The United States and East Asia, 1915-1941
Time Estimate
Variable
flexibility_scale
1
Rubric_Content_Accurate_Scholarship

Yes

Rubric_Content_Historical_Background

Yes
Significant historical background is provided for each of the four individual lessons that constitute the larger lesson plan.

Rubric_Content_Read_Write

Yes
Students read primary documents and there are multiple opportunities for writing.

Rubric_Analytical_Construct_Interpretations

Yes

Rubric_Analytical_Close_Reading_Sourcing

Yes
Students are asked to read source information carefully enough to be able to put it to use in assignments.

Rubric_Scaffolding_Appropriate

Yes

Rubric_Scaffolding_Supports_Historical_Thinking

Yes

Rubric_Structure_Assessment

Yes

Rubric_Structure_Realistic

Yes

Rubric_Structure_Learning_Goals

Yes
Directions are brief and clear. Teachers must design necessary supports.