The Making of Modern Michigan

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Photo, Man with war bond ticket. . . , 1943, The Making of Modern Michigan
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This archive affords access to the local history material and collections in more than 45 Michigan libraries, including photographs, family papers, oral histories, public reports, notices, and documents. More than 3,000 items are available, on a wide range of subjects that include architecture, automobiles, churches, cities and towns, commerce and business, factories and industry, families, farming, geography and landscapes, housing, schools, and sports and recreation. The time period of the material is primarily from the post-Civil War era to the early 20th century. The material can be browsed by subject or institution and a keyword search is also available. A useful site for researching the cultural history of Michigan and its localities.

A Summons To Comradeship: World War I and II Posters

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Poster, Howard Scott, 1943, A Summons to Comradeship
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Poster art shaped and reflected the nature of total war in the first half of the twentieth century, and remains a rich primary source for examining the political, military, social, and cultural history of World War I and World War II. This website provides a database of close to 6,000 of these posters. Posters from the U.S. constitute the bulk of the collection, followed by posters from Great Britain, and then France, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, Italy, and Germany.

Descriptions are keyword searchable, and there are also categories for browsing. Fifteen posters under "Civilian participation" represent one of the key components of "total war": full participation of citizens both at the front and at home. Posters can be used to examine the ways in which citizens on the "home front" were drawn into the war effort, as well as messages about gender and class. Other subjects include organizations, war-related social groups, and individual political leaders.

Tobacco Archives

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Image, Philip Morris USA, 1987
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This archive offers more than 26 million pages of documents related to research, manufacturing, marketing, advertising, and sales of cigarettes. It was designed to provide free access to documents produced in States Attorney General reimbursement lawsuits against the tobacco industry. This site consist of links to databases that contain images of documents from the files of Philip Morris Incorporated, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation, Lorillard Tobacco Company, The Tobacco Institute, Inc., and The Council for Tobacco Research. Each company website is separately maintained and provides users with detailed instructions on how to view and print documents. Among the millions of documents, users will find print ads, marketing materials from the early 1900s, correspondence, reports, periodicals, and numerous scientific research studies. Those interested in tobacco use among racial or ethnic groups and women, the health risks of tobacco, and tobacco issues in the media will find this site very informative.

We the People . . . Rarely Agree

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22412
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Teaser

What does the Constitution mean to you? Match each quote to the historical figure whose view of the Constitution it reveals.

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September 17, Constitution Day, commemorates the 1787 signing of the Constitution. Ever since its creation, the Constitution has provoked patriotic passion and heated debate. Match the quotes below to the historical figure whose view of the Constitution they reveal.

Quiz Answer

1. "Our Constitution is so simple and practical that it is possible always to meet extraordinary needs by changes in emphasis and arrangement without loss of essential form."

Herbert Hoover
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Woodrow Wilson
Abraham Lincoln

Roosevelt spoke these words on March 4, 1933, in his First Inaugural Address— which also included his famous phrase "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself." In this speech, FDR first assured the American people that he had faith that the Constitution and current understandings of constitutionally-acceptable presidential power were sufficient to overcome the crisis posed by the Great Depression. He then went on to note that, if necessary for the good of the country, he would ask Congress for executive power equivalent to that granted in wartime.

During his presidency, many of FDR's New Deal reforms would be found unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court, leading to constant tension and conflict between the President and the court.

2. "In examining the Constitution of the United States, which is the most perfect federal constitution that ever existed, one is startled, on the other hand, at the variety of information and the excellence of discretion which it presupposes in the people whom it is meant to govern."

Pierre-Etienne Du Ponceau
Benjamin Franklin
Alexis de Tocqueville
Marquis de Lafayette

In his book Democracy in America, French thinker, writer, and politician Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859), considers the strengths and weakness of the American federal system of government as it was in the early 1830s, when he visited the young country on a 9-month tour. This passage comes from chapter 8 of the book's first volume: "On the Federal Constitution." Subheading "The Federal Constitution, Part V," "Why the Federal System is Not Adapted to All Peoples" looks at the uniqueness of the Constitution and of the expectations it sets out for the people putting it into practice.

3. "A sacred compact, forsooth! We pronounce it the most bloody and heaven-daring arrangement ever made by men for the continuance and protection of a system of the most atrocious villainy ever exhibited on earth."

William Lloyd Garrison
Frederick Douglass
John Murray Spear
Lydia Maria Child

Fiery abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879) included this condemnation of the Constitution in the December 29, 1832, issue of his abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. The article in which it appeared, titled "On the Constitution and the Union," denounced the Constitution for allowing slavery to exist in the U.S., calling it a document "dripping" "with human blood."

Garrison famously burned a copy of the Constitution at a 4th of July gathering in Farmingham, MA.

4. "The Constitution was founded on the law of gravitation. The government was to exist and move by virtue of the efficacy of 'checks and balances.' The trouble with the theory is that government is not a machine, but a living thing."

Woodrow Wilson
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
Lyndon B. Johnson

Woodrow Wilson included these words in his 1913 book The New Freedom: A Call for the Emancipation of the Generous Energies of a People, which laid out many of the views on which he had campaigned for the presidency. Writing in 1885, in his earlier book Congressional Government, Wilson saw many problems in the United States' established form of government, arguing that the Founders' system of checks and balances obscured responsibility more than it ensured balance. Wilson saw the Constitution as a product of a certain time and place, with questionable relevance to the present day.

For more information

For the full text of FDR's 1st Inaugural Address and related primary sources, turn to the Library of Congress's American Memory site "I Do Solemnly Swear . . .": Presidential Inaugurations' page on the speech. Many presidential inaugural speeches make reference to the Constitution, revealing the view of the Constitution that the president giving the speech holds (or claims to hold); search this collection for other presidents speaking on the document and its iconic status in U.S. government and culture.

You might also look at the American Memory collection Documents from the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention for 277 primary source documents "relating to the work of Congress and the drafting and ratification of the Constitution."

The National Endowment for the Humanities' EDSITEment looks further at the life and accomplishments of Alexis de Tocqueville in an August 2009 feature on the author and the introduction to his Democracy in America. The feature collects suggestions for teaching the introduction and selected links; a link to the full text of the book's two volumes, hosted by the University of Virginia, is included.

The full text of William Lloyd Garrison's "On the Constitution and the Union" can be read here, as can other articles by Garrison, in TeachingAmericanHistory.org's Document Library (which includes the Constitution and a range of other founding documents).

Project Gutenberg, a database of out-of-copyright public domain texts, hosts the full text of Wilson's The New Freedom, as well as other works by Wilson.

For more on the Constitution, try NHEC's 2008 round-up of Constitution and Constitution Day resources for teachers. Or how about checking out what the U.S. government thinks citizens should know about the Constitution? U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services offers a downloadable study guide for the current naturalization test, with sections on the Constitution.

Sources
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Portrait, Franklin D. Roosevelt
Portrait, Franklin D. Roosevelt
Portrait, Franklin D. Roosevelt
Portrait, Franklin D. Roosevelt
Portrait, Franklin D. Roosevelt
Portrait, Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Gerald Ford Biography

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NBC's Brian Williams looks back at Gerald Ford's political career. His presidency began with a national sigh of relief at the end of Watergate, and ended with a painful loss to Jimmy Carter.

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