Slavery in Wyoming

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Photo, Wild Hog, Native American, Wyoming State Archives
Question

Was slavery permitted in the area now known as southern Wyoming?

Answer

It depends on the time period. As Wyoming did not become a state until 1890, then slavery would obviously have been illegal, as this was after the passage of the 13th Amendment in 1865. However, if the question refers to the legality of slavery in southern Wyoming in earlier times, then the answer must be a qualified 'yes.'

What became southeastern Wyoming was part of the French Colony of Louisiana between 1699 and 1764, when jurisdiction passed to the Spanish. Slavery was legal in Louisiana, under both the French and the Spanish at this time.

What became southeastern Wyoming was part of the French Colony of Louisiana between 1699 and 1764, when jurisdiction passed to the Spanish. Slavery was legal in Louisiana, under both the French and the Spanish at this time. However, the fact that slavery existed in Louisiana doesn't necessarily mean that the institution took root in Wyoming. Louisiana was a big place, so conditions that existed in St. Louis and New Orleans did not necessarily translate to Wyoming.

The purchase of Louisiana by the U.S. in 1803 did not change these conditions materially. Louisiana Territory was open to slavery, and, as we know, Lewis and Clark brought at least one slave—York—with them on their journey up the Missouri. The Territory of Missouri, established in 1812 and encompassing what came to be Wyoming east of the Continental Divide, also permitted slavery. However, the Missouri Compromise of 1821 outlawed slavery north of 36 degrees, 30 minutes latitude in remaining portions of the former Louisiana Territory. That settled the issue temporarily. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 erased the Missouri Compromise line and made slavery possible via the instrument of popular sovereignty. Later, the Civil War and 13th Amendment rendered that a moot point.

Slavery of and Among Native Americans

We need to remember that while the institution of slavery ultimately focused on African Americans, largely working on plantations (though certainly not entirely, particularly in the west), Native Americans were also enslaved. However, by the time the Spanish took over parts of present-day Wyoming in 1764, they had outlawed slavery of Native American peoples. In addition, there was also the capture and enslavement of conquered tribal communities among the Native Americans themselves. As an example, the Comanches certainly took Native American captives and engaged in a slave trade that linked the plains with Santa Fe, among other places in the Southwest. Some of those captives sold into slavery were Shoshone and Paiute peoples, who could have called southeastern Wyoming 'home.'

Bibliography

Los Angeles Public Library Photo Collection

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Photo, Central Public Library Rotunda, December 30, 2005, Night Owl City, Flickr
Annotation

This vast collection of more than 275,000 digitized images sheds light on many aspects of 20th-century life in Los Angeles, especially the entertainment industry, politics and public issues, and suburban life. The collection is especially strong in images depicting the growth of LA from the turn of the century through its growth spurt between 1920 and 1939, including a series of promotional images designed to attract Midwesterners and east coast businesses to "the City with Promise."

The sheer quantity of photographs—including churches, municipal buildings, streets, and homes—allows users to track the evolution and growth of LA neighborhoods, making this collection especially useful for urban history courses. The collection also includes more than 10,000 photographs drawn from the family albums of a diverse group of Los Angeles residents.

Images can be accessed through a keyword search and limited by date range, though browsing is not yet available. In addition, users can add images to a "personal list" which can then be sorted by author, title, or call number and emailed/printed.

Museum of the City of San Francisco: The Great 1906 Earthquake and Fire

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Logo, Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco
Annotation

This site provides images and text about the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. A timeline, from April 18 to April 23, covers major events and a facsimile of a roster lists names and addresses of those who died. There are 27 photographs of earthquake damage and 31 personal accounts, 1,200 to 8,000 words, that include Jack London's "Story of an Eyewitness." Among 67 transcriptions of articles from 1906 about the earthquake are 12 that discuss the relocation of Chinatown and the treatment of Chinese San Franscicans. There are 31 transcribed fire department reports, including an article about the reorganization of the department in the wake of the disaster, and a facsimile of the 1910 police report on the quake and fire. Army operations are discussed in 29 pieces of correspondence and navy evacuation operations are detailed in seven. In addition, a 700-word article describes the evacuation of the city by train. Engineering and scientific reports include 24 articles, letters, and reports about infrastructure issues, such as water supply and structural stability. A section about relief efforts includes a flier accusing the Red Cross of corruption and a resolution by a local plumbers union to volunteer their services. The site will be very useful for anyone interested in the earthquake and in urban and California history.

Integrated Public Use Microdata Series

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Logo, Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) USA Logo
Annotation

Currently provides 22 census data samples and 65 million records from 13 federal censuses covering the period 1850-1990. These data "collectively comprise our richest source of quantitative information on long-term changes in the American population." The project has applied uniform codes to previously published and newly created data samples. Rather than offering data in aggregated tabular form, the site offers data on individuals and households, allowing researchers to tailor tabulations to their specific interests. Includes data on fertility, marriage, immigration, internal migration, work, occupational structure, education, ethnicity, and household composition. Offers extensive documentation on procedures used to transform data and includes 13 links to other census-related sites. A complementary project to provide multiple data samples from every country from the 1960s to 2000 is underway. Currently this international series offers information and interpretive essays on Kenya, Vietnam, Mexico, Hungary, and Brazil. Of major importance for those doing serious research in social history, the site will probably be forbidding to novices.

Ghost Town Gallery

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Photo, Hancock, CO, Daniel Ter-Nedden, 2001
Annotation

Designed to document approximately 180 ghost towns in Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Montana, Nevada, California, Idaho, and Utah, this site features more than 1,700 photographs taken in the year 2000 of ghost towns across the west. About half the photographs include captions, while the other half do not. The site features a 750-word essay on the history of the Gold Rush, as well as an interactive map of the west that allows visitors to highlight a region, then an area, then a ghost town, to view photographs of the selected town.

Meeting of Frontiers

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Chromolithograph, "Attack on Port Money," 1904
Annotation

In conjunction with the Russian State Library in Moscow, the National Library of Russia in St. Petersburg, and the Rasmuson Library of the University of Alaska in Fairbanks, the Library of Congress has digitized more than 2,500 items, comprising approximately 70,000 images, and provided transcriptions and commentaries in English and Russian to offer a comparative history of American and Russian expansion through frontier territories in each nation's continent. The site presents an overview of expansion into Siberia and the American West in six sections: Exploration, Colonization, Development, Alaska, Frontiers and National Identity, and Mutual Perceptions. Each section contains from two to 11 modules that call attention to similarities and differences between the two histories with regard to subjects such as migration—forced and otherwise, missionaries, religious flight, mining, railroads, agriculture, cities, popular culture, and tourism, and even compares Cossacks with cowboys.

The site offers more than 40 complete books, including manuals, handbooks, fiction, and travelers accounts; 77 maps and one atlas; 438 items from the Russian-Ukrainian Pamphlet and Brochure Collection; materials from six complete manuscript collections, regarding exploration, trade, and commercial activities; four tour-of-the-century films; 125 newspaper articles; 11 dime novel covers; five photographic collections; and one sound recording of a Russian folk song. Provides a 500-title bibliography and links to 30 related sites. Valuable for those studying the American West and Russian history and investigating ways to explore frontiers of comparative histories in order to expand beyond limits of national history narratives. Listen to the audio review: .

Free Speech Movement: Student Protest, U.C. Berkeley, 1964-65

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Photo, "Mario Savio Speaking at FSM Rally," Ben Ailes?, October 2, 1984
Annotation

The Bancroft Library has put its entire archive of material on the Berkeley Free Speech Movement (FSM) online. A 200-word chronology introduces visitors to the major events of the movement. Printed material includes five books, 29 leaflets (200 to 3,000 words each) produced by the FSM, 55 letters to and from FSM activists, 11 local radical newsletters, 36 statements, 21 press releases, and six speeches made by students and university faculty and administration. Visitors may read complete transcripts of 10 oral histories of between 85 and 1,000 pages: eight with university administrators and faculty; two with FSM activists. A collection of legal documents includes 40 pages of trial transcripts and 400 letters from FSM activists to Judge Rupert Crittenden, who presided over their trials.

This site also provides researchers with the first public access to 96 photographs of FSM rallies and sit-ins taken by Ronald L. Enfield in 1964 and 1965. Materials from related organizations include 63 documents from nine contemporary protest movements at Berkeley. The site may be searched by subject, but is somewhat difficult to navigate because pages within the collection do not link directly to an index or the collection's home page. The site will be most useful to experienced researchers.

Before and After the Earthquake and Fire: Early Films of San Francisco

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Film still, San Francisco disaster, Am. Mutoscope Biograph Company, 1906, LoC
Annotation

Part of the Library of Congress American Memory project, this site features 26 films of San Francisco, produced from 1897 to 1916, both before and after the Great Earthquake and fire. Seventeen of the films depict life in San Francisco before the 1906 disaster, including an arrest in Chinatown, a panoramic view of the city from a balloon, and various other scenes of buildings and special attractions in the city.

Seven films describe the earthquake and fire, and two films show a rebuilt city and give a tour of the Panama Pacific Exposition of 1915. Each film includes a roughly 500-word descriptive summary of the contents of the film. The site also includes a 250-word descriptive essay on pre-earthquake San Francisco and an approximately 750-word essay on America at the turn of the 20th century. A selected bibliography notes 32 scholarly works on San Francisco's earthquake.

This site is keyword searchable and contains a subject index and an alphabetical list of film titles. For those exploring San Francisco's history, urban history, or natural disasters, this is a useful site.