Agents of Social Change: 20th-Century Women's Activism

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Photo, Gloria Steinem and Dorothy Pitman Hughes, Dan Wynn, c. 1970
Annotation

Selected materials from the personal papers of Mary Metlay Kaufman, Dorothy Kenyon, Constance Baker Motley, Jessie Lloyd O'Connor, Frances Fox Piven, and Gloria Steinem. Also includes papers of the National Congress of Neighborhood Women (NCNW) and the Women's Action Alliance (WAA). The six women and two organizations are introduced with biographical essays (300-700 words). For each woman, the site provides from three to six texts, of 100 to 1,000 words, including correspondence, photographs, articles written by or about them, and bulletins and newsletters for movements with which they worked. Material includes fan mail received by Steinem, a letter from William Z. Foster to Kaufman, and a five-page speech Motley made to the Children's Organization for Civil Rights.

Papers for the NCNW include two photos, one poster, a brochure, and six pages of projects and activities. The WAA exhibit presents one photo, a press release, a mission statement, and a brochure. There are six high school lesson plans using the primary documents. The site will be useful for research in 20th-century feminism and women's activism.

Denmark Vesey

Question

How do we define and understand resistance to slavery in regards to the 1822 trial and execution of Denmark Vesey?

Textbook Excerpt

Most textbooks do not even mention Denmark Vesey or the slave insurrection panic of 1822 commonly associated with him. The few that do mention him (briefly) tend to portray Vesey as a heroic rebel against slavery who met a tragic end.

Source Excerpt

Primary sources remain ambiguous regarding Denmark Vesey and the slave revolt he allegedly planned. Court testimony implicating him was often provided by prisoners who had been tortured, much of the evidence was secondhand in nature, and some white Charlestonians at the time openly doubted that the plot had ever existed.

Historian Excerpt

Historians disagree about Vesey and his relationship to a Charleston slave revolt scare in 1822. Many see him as a hero who planned a major revolt against slavery. Others see him as a victim of a white conspiracy to kill black Americans as part of an effort to protect slavery.

Abstract

Most textbook authors have traditionally ignored or mentioned only very briefly Denmark Vesey and the 1822 insurrection plot in Charleston, SC, in their coverage and treatment of the development of slavery, its impact upon black Americans, the strategies employed by whites to preserve or strengthen the institution, and the strategies that were tried by black Americans to ameliorate life in slave society or to overturn slavery itself. A deeper and more nuanced examination of the trial records from the Vesey plot can complicate students' knowledge of how historians interpret the past as well as broaden their understanding of the politics of slavery, definitions of heroism and resistance to slavery, and the contours of daily life for slaves and free blacks in the antebellum South.

Slavery

Question

What was it like to be a slave in 19th-century America?

Textbook Excerpt

Textbooks treat slavery as primarily an economic institution in which slaves were regarded by their owners as property yet insisted on their own humanity.

Source Excerpt

Taken in its entirety, the letter [from Rachel O’Connor to her sister Mary, January 11, 1836] reveals that hate and cruelty existed alongside love and affection in the slave South.

Historian Excerpt

Historians are less inclined to ask what it was like to be a slave in the abstract than to draw from the historical record to ask what it was like to be a particular enslaved person, say Frederick Douglass or Sally Hemings, to name two of the most famous.

Abstract

Two textbooks for high school students, Appleby et al’s The American Vision (AV) and Boorstin et al’s History of the United States (HUS) offer subtly contrasting answers to this important historical question, but both share a basic narrative voice, characteristic of textbooks, that limits their ability to highlight controversy, explore ambiguity and irony, or raise the problem of how we know what we think we know about slave life. This essay takes a close look at the textbooks’ interpretations of the law of slavery, the relationship between masters and slaves, and their use of primary sources, including the Confessions of Nat Turner.

America on the Move, Part One: Migrations, Immigrations, and How We Got Here

Description

Students and Smithsonian National Museum of American History curators give a tour of the exhibition "America on the Move," which looks at how immigration and migration impacted American history and at the role of various forms of transportation.

To view this electronic field trip, select "America on the Move, Part One: Migrations, Immigrations, and How We Got Here" under the heading "Electronic Field Trips."

Civics Online

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Painting, "Penn's Treaty with the Indians," Edward Hicks, c.1840-1844
Annotation

This site was designed as a resource for teachers and students of Civics, grades K-12, in Michigan public schools. The site provides access to 118 primary source documents and links to 71 related sites. Of these documents, 22 are speeches, 34 are photographs or paintings, and five are maps. The site is indexed by subject and "core democratic values" as determined by Michigan Curriculum Framework. A section for teachers includes one syllabi each for primary, middle, and high school courses. The syllabi are accompanied by interviews with the teacher who developed the assignments and by a student who participated in the curriculum, as well as by examples of student work. "Adventures in Civics" presents student visitors with a 178-word essay on Elian Gonzalez and an essay assignment for each grade level on what it means to be an American. The site links to six articles and 17 sites about Gonzalez.

Students may use a multimedia library, simultaneously searchable by era, grade-level, and core democratic value. The site also provides a timeline of American history with 163 entries (five to 500-words). The site provides a 1,000-word explanation of core democratic values and links to 41 other government and university sites about American history and civics. This site will probably be most interesting and useful for teachers looking for curriculum ideas.

Brooklyn's Eighteenth-Century Lott House

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Photo, The Lott House
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An archaeological exploration of a farmhouse built in early 18th-century Brooklyn that allows visitors to participate in a "virtual dig" to examine artifacts and documents relating to the lives of a Dutch family and their descendants. Chronicles the work done by Brooklyn College archaeologists and students, who have turned up evidence of slave rituals that originated in Africa and the existence of a secret garret room believed to have been used to hide slaves as part of the Underground Railroad in the 1840s. Provides family documents, including wills, probates, and deeds; oral histories of family members (including one audio file); old family recipes; field notes; student journals; an analysis of animal remains; a lesson in stratigraphy (study of rock strata); and approximately 30 photographs. Valuable for those studying family history and the use of material culture in determining ways of life in earlier periods of time. Links to The Lott House Restoration Project, which provides a tour of the house and additional information about the Lott family.

Literature Makes History: How Poets Helped End Slavery

Description

The Atlantic slave trade was abolished in 1808; but for 100 years before that a surprising number of writers denounced slavery in their creative works. Drawing on his recent book Amazing Grace, Professor Basker reveals how early, and how vehemently, poets shaped Anglo-American attitudes toward slavery. The anti-slavery poets range from famous figures like Pope, Wheatley, Wordsworth, and Coleridge, to long-forgotten women, former slaves, and others recovered from the oblivion of historical neglect.

Resources for Martin Luther King Jr. Day

Date Published
Article Body

This year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day falls on January 16. Created and first observed in the 1980s, this holiday honors the life of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. and the philosophy of nonviolent protest. Do you teach the day in your classroom? How do you teach it? Do you focus on King's life and work? Do you look at the Civil Rights Movement as a whole? Do you talk about citizenship and social action? Do you encourage students to participate in the Martin Luther King Jr. Day of Service?

No matter how you approach the day, our Martin Luther King Jr. Day spotlight page can help. Browse the page to find teaching strategies, quizzes, website reviews, online lectures, and more on Martin Luther King Jr., the Civil Rights Movement, and active citizenship.

Explore materials on other websites as well:

  • Teach with the picture book biography Martin's Big Words using the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History guide.
  • Introduce students to Dr. King's policies of nonviolence with two lesson plans from EDSITEment. (Search the site for more lesson plans on the Civil Rights Movement and social reform.)
  • The National Archives and Records Administration preserves documents created before King's assassination, as well as other notable materials related to King, including the official program from the March on Washington.
  • The Library of Congress "Today in History" feature for January 15 leads you into its collections on Dr. King and African American history.
  • Explore back issues of the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History online journal History Now for essays, lesson plans, suggested resources, and more.
  • Watch videos, view photographs, and listen to speeches related to Martin Luther King Jr. on HISTORY.com's Martin Luther King Jr. topic page.
  • Read about Martin Luther King Jr.'s work with the labor movement and watch a short video clip from the American Federation of Teachers.

Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America

Description

From the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History website:

"Professor Ira Berlin of the University of Maryland, in a lecture from 2000, examines the differences between the history of slavery and the memory of slavery in the United States and how those differences affect our views of slavery and race today. He focuses his discussion on the charter generations of Africans who were brought to the North American colonies before the establishment of the plantation system; the plantation generations who primarily worked on large plantations in the Low Country, the Chesapeake, and the Deep South; the Revolutionary generations who came of age at the end of the eighteenth century and witnessed and participated in the remaking of black life; and the migration generations of slaves, who were victims of the growing internal slave trade."

Slave Badges

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slave badge
Question

I am attempting to make a lesson plan for 4th graders about slave badges. I was wondering how I could make this lesson tangible for this age group, and how to make the information come across clearly. What types of activities could I use? I also intend to compare slavery and indentured servitude. I would be using SC Standard 4.2 and indicator 4–2.6.

Answer

Slave badges, which served as a kind of work license for slaves in the Charleston area, are unique historical artifacts. As such, beginning a lesson with an image of the artifact—something that can be found with relative ease online—is a great way to raise historical questions.

So, beginning with an image, ask your students what they see. There is much to observe here: a date, a number, a year, a job description. It is made of copper and is 1.5 inches square; there is a hole at the top.

Once students have listed all of their observations, ask them what questions they have. Even 4th graders will likely ask some fundamentally historical questions, like “what was this used for?” or “where was it placed?”

Once students have compiled a list of questions, provide them with the materials that they need to find answers. Whether this means sending them to their textbooks or to excerpts of articles like this from the Smithsonian magazine, students will be motivated to piece together the historical puzzle you have presented.

Bringing them back together as a class, you might ask them to present their findings. If they already know about indentured servitude, this might be a good time to discuss the two systems of bondage in comparison with each other. There are several comparisons of slavery and indentured servitude on the web, including one from the Library of Congress and one from History Now.

You might also ask new questions as a class—“who benefitted from the use of slave badges”—that require a bit more coaching from an adult.

Good luck!