Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America

Description

From the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History website:

"Professor Ira Berlin of the University of Maryland, in a lecture from 2000, examines the differences between the history of slavery and the memory of slavery in the United States and how those differences affect our views of slavery and race today. He focuses his discussion on the charter generations of Africans who were brought to the North American colonies before the establishment of the plantation system; the plantation generations who primarily worked on large plantations in the Low Country, the Chesapeake, and the Deep South; the Revolutionary generations who came of age at the end of the eighteenth century and witnessed and participated in the remaking of black life; and the migration generations of slaves, who were victims of the growing internal slave trade."

Slave Badges

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slave badge
Question

I am attempting to make a lesson plan for 4th graders about slave badges. I was wondering how I could make this lesson tangible for this age group, and how to make the information come across clearly. What types of activities could I use? I also intend to compare slavery and indentured servitude. I would be using SC Standard 4.2 and indicator 4–2.6.

Answer

Slave badges, which served as a kind of work license for slaves in the Charleston area, are unique historical artifacts. As such, beginning a lesson with an image of the artifact—something that can be found with relative ease online—is a great way to raise historical questions.

So, beginning with an image, ask your students what they see. There is much to observe here: a date, a number, a year, a job description. It is made of copper and is 1.5 inches square; there is a hole at the top.

Once students have listed all of their observations, ask them what questions they have. Even 4th graders will likely ask some fundamentally historical questions, like “what was this used for?” or “where was it placed?”

Once students have compiled a list of questions, provide them with the materials that they need to find answers. Whether this means sending them to their textbooks or to excerpts of articles like this from the Smithsonian magazine, students will be motivated to piece together the historical puzzle you have presented.

Bringing them back together as a class, you might ask them to present their findings. If they already know about indentured servitude, this might be a good time to discuss the two systems of bondage in comparison with each other. There are several comparisons of slavery and indentured servitude on the web, including one from the Library of Congress and one from History Now.

You might also ask new questions as a class—“who benefitted from the use of slave badges”—that require a bit more coaching from an adult.

Good luck!

An Enduring Spirit

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From the Colonial Williamsburg: Past and Present Podcasts site—

"Edith Cumbo was a rare individual in colonial Virginia: a free African woman. Learn about her life and her stature in this interview with Emily James."

A Dangerous Job

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In this podcast, Harmony Hunter interviews James Ingram, member of Colonial Williamsburg's Nation Builders program. The Nation Builders program is about giving a voice to more than just well-known historical figures in America's history. Specifically, Ingram discusses his portrayal of Gowan Pamphlet, the first ordained slave preacher in America.

Interested listeners can learn more about Gowan Pamphlet by clicking here for biographical information on the slave preacher.

Or would you rather learn more about colonial religion in general? Colonial Williamsburg also offers an overview of various aspects of 18th century religious beliefs and practices.

Merging Cultures

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From Colonial Williamsburg: Past and Present Podcasts—

"Many West African cultures make landfall in colonial Virginia, where they adapt and adopt traits that will form the basis of a new African American culture. Historian Rose McAphee describes the blend."

Interested in learning more about Colonial African Americans? Click here to discover more about the African American experience in Virginia.

Freedom Bound

Description

From Colonial Williamsburg: Past and Present Podcasts

"Slavery gains a foothold in the American colonies as early as 1619. In the years that follow, laws and resistance grow around the institution with equal determination. Dr. Cassandra Newby-Alexander discusses slavery's early path."

A short video (or "vodcast") accompanies this podcast, and can be accessed here.

A New Story: Narrating the Lives of African-Americans

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Colonial Williamsburg's Harmony Hunter interviews historian Cary Carson, former Research Vice President. In the podcast, Carson describes how she helped develop programs to integrate African-American history into the preexisting historical narratives offered at Colonial Williamsburg.

To learn more about African-Americans and the institution of slavery in Colonial Williamsburg, visit Williamsburg's African American Experience page.

Purpose-Built: Backyard Architecture

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Colonial Williamsburg author Mike Olmert discusses the significance and preservation of colonial-era outbuildings, which included structures such as kitchens, laundries, dairies, privies, smokehouses, offices, dovecotes, and icehouses. Olmert focuses on the window onto social norms and expectations and onto indentured and enslaved life that these structures reveal.

To listen to this feature, select "All 2009 podcasts," and scroll to the July 27th program.

In Their Own Words

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Colonial Williamsburg manager of African American programs, Tricia Brooks, discusses the primary sources used in exploring colonial viewpoints on slavery and race in Williamsburg programming.

Click here to discover more about the African-American colonial experience.

Freedom Bound

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When slavery was introduced to the colonies in 1600, the reaction was a struggle to become free. Writer Christy Coleman discusses the efforts of slaves to secure freedom and the creation of an Electronic Field Trip on the subject for Colonial Williamsburg.

Interested in learning more about Electronic Field Trips? Click here!