Mark Twain: A Film Directed by Ken Burns

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Cigar box
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Developed primarily to support a PBS film, this website uses Twain's writings to illustrate his life. An interactive scrapbook, similar to the one patented by Twain, is the centerpiece of the site and provides access to nine chapters of his life. Each chapter is illustrated by period photograph—the scrapbook includes about 100 photographs—and Twain's personal observations. Excerpts of about 15 letters written by Twain are included, as are some 25 news clippings of his lectures, travels, and public appearances. Visitors can also see approximately 20 drawings from first editions of some of Twain's books. The scrapbook offers about 25 audio clips of actors—most notably Hal Holbrook—reading Twain's writings and 15 video clips of the Mississippi River and other sites important to Twain's work. An accompanying chronology lists the events of Twain's life, and Classroom Activities offers five lesson ideas for introducing middle- and high-school students to Twain and his place in American history.

The site asks for sponsorship pledges and markets the video and soundtrack, but overall this site is well designed and offers valuable material for investigating Mark Twain in historical context.

Clio: Visualizing History

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This website provides free access to a variety of visual materials and "seeks to illustrate the unique role of visual images in American history." Clio is an educational organization developing American history projects with appeal to a wide audience, including students, educators, and researchers. This site aims to not only provide access to a variety of visual historical materials, such as photographs, illustrations, and material objects (namely quilts), but also "to promote visual literacy by exploring the variety of ways that images enhance our understanding of the past and challenge us to hone our interpretive skills."

The website is organized into three main sections. The first, "Visualizing America," includes two collections of modules, titled "Picturing the Past: Illustrated Histories and the American Imagination, 1840-1900," and "Quilts as Visual History." A second section, "Photography Exhibits," includes three photography collections: one focusing on the work of Frances Benjamin Johnston, another on the work of The Allen Sisters (Mary and Frances Allen), and the Peter Palmquist Gallery. A third section, "Creating History," examines the figure of Lowell Thomas, who became one of America's best known journalists, as well as the media version and reality of Lawrence of Arabia.

A valuable website to students and researchers alike, it suffers only slightly from a lack of search capabilities.

Nineteenth-Century Texas Law Online: Gammel's The Laws of Texas

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"Address to the People of Texas," Gammel's "The Laws of Texas," Vol. 5, Pg. iii
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H. P. N. Gammel's 10-volume compilation The Laws of Texas, 1822-1897 is available in PDF format on this site, providing more than 16,500 pages of historical legal documents. Includes early colonization laws and constitutions, proceedings from constitutional conventions, and all laws and resolutions passed from every congressional and legislative session from statehood to 1897. Users may browse each volume or an analytical index of the whole work, or take advantage of a search engine that allows keyword searching. Includes six links to related sites.

Valuable for those conducting research into 19th-century Texas history or legal history.

Mass Moments

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Engraving, Filling Cartridges, Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Harvey Isbitts
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On May 15, 1602, English explorer Bartholomew Gosnold dropped anchor off the Massachusetts coast, and due to the abundance of cod fish in the waters surrounding his ship, named the location Cape Cod. This is the first of 365 moments in Massachusetts history presented at this website.

The majority of moments cluster in the 19th and 20th centuries, and include events of relevance to political, economic, social, and cultural history, including the incorporation of the town of Natick in 1781, the opening of Boston's African Meeting House in 1806, and the release of the movie Good Will Hunting in 1997.

Each moment is described in roughly 750 words, and is accompanied by an excerpt from a primary source. The text is also available in audio format. The moments are keyword searchable, as well as browseable through the website's Timeline and Map features.

Elementary, middle, and high school teachers will find the Teachers' Features section especially useful, as it includes several comprehensive lesson plans, on labor, women's rights, the African American experience in Massachusetts, and early contact between settlers and indigenous peoples in Plymouth.

Carriers' Addresses

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Image, Introductory graphic, Carrier's Addresses
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Limited in scope, this site provides an introduction to the study of Carriers' Addresses, which were poems or broadsides read by American newsboys to their customers on New Years' Day. The carriers read the poems, which often emphasized the diligence and hard work of the newsboys, expecting to receive a tip from the customer.

The site includes a 2,500-word explanatory essay and a collection of more than 400 digitized addresses from 1772–1912. The site is searchable, and visitors may browse the collection alphabetically by subject, title, or creator. Each address indicates the name of the newspaper, the date, and the name of the newsboy if known.

Skulls, Scalps and Seminoles: Science and Violence in Florida, 1800-1842

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Video background from The Library of Congress Webcasts site:

"Exploration of the history of science in Florida during the decades before and after the beginning of U.S. governance in 1821. The lecture emphasizes the context of violence in Florida shaped scientific practices in the region as well as knowledge circulating throughout the United States of Florida's native peoples and natural history. The overlap between science and violence reached its climax during the Second Seminole War, when U.S. Army surgeons and other amateur naturalists were both the targets of Seminole attacks and the perpetrators of brutalities against Florida's Indians. Most notably, white naturalists in Florida collected, analyzed, mutilated, and exported the remains of Florida's Indian dead, particularly the skulls of both long-buried and recently killed Seminoles. Although they carried out their grisly work in an isolated region, the practices, specimens, and ideas of these skull collectors had a lasting influence on scientific approaches to Indian remains throughout the United States."

Research & Reference Gateway: History - North America

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Logo, Rutger's University Libraries
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This site furnishes hundreds of links to primary and secondary sources on North American history. An eclectic collection, it includes links to library catalogs throughout the world, archival collections, texts, journals, discussion lists, bibliographies, encyclopedias, maps, statistics, book reviews, biographies, curricula, and syllabi. Materials are arranged by subject, period, and document type. Try "History-North America" for the widest variety of vetted sources. Special resource collections include "America in the 1950s," "New Americans: American Immigration History," "The Newark Experience," "U.S. Business History," "U.S. Labor and Working Class History," and "Videos on the U.S. and American Studies."