Doing Oral History

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Photo, From project, "The Stonewall Riots and Their Aftermath"
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A collection of 17 oral histories conducted by secondary students focusing on topics relating to "The American Century": World War II; the Cold War; Vietnam; the "rights revolution"; immigration; education; and science and technology. Each oral history entry contains a biography of the interviewee, historical contextualization and evaluation essays, and bibliography.

The site provides tools for teachers to use in designing oral history courses: release form for interviewees, pre-interview worksheet, "do's and don'ts," guidelines for transcribing and editing interviews, how to analyze the historical value of an interview, grading rubrics, and student feedback. Also offers a 36-title bibliography, including 24 links to related sites. Of interest to teachers preparing oral history courses and for those studying selected 20th-century American history topics.

Voices of Civil Rights

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Photo, Protesters on Beale Street, 1968
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This website represents the initial effort to create an archive of stories about the civil rights movement (both historical and contemporary), including essays, interviews, project updates, and special reports. While the site is under construction, currently there is already substantial material available, most of which is organized into one of five sections.

An interactive "Timeline" serves as in introduction to the Movement, highlighting major events and accomplishments. "Stories" allows visitors to read more than 100 personal stories about America's civil rights history (10 stories include audio excerpts). Visitors can peruse the section devoted to the contemporary civil rights movement and its historical legacy. Here visitors can listen to interviews about the promise of equal education with Wade Henderson, Executive Director of the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, as well as many other activists. Students and teachers will find this site a convenient collection of primary accounts of the Civil Rights Movement, including the Chicano Movement and the National Organization of Women.

Federal Resources for Educational Excellence: History & Social Studies

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Portrait, George Washington
Annotation

This megasite brings together resources for teaching U.S. and world history from the far corners of the web. Most of these websites boast large collections of primary sources from the Library of Congress, the Smithsonian, the National Archives and Records Administration, and prominent universities. There are more than 600 websites listed for U.S. history alone, divided by time period and topic: Business & Work, Ethnic Groups, Famous People, Government, Movements, States & Regions, Wars, and Other Social Studies. While most of these websites are either primary source archives (for example, History of the American West, 1860-1920) or virtual exhibits, many offer lesson plans and ready-made student activities, such as EDSITEment, created by the National Endowment for the Humanities.

A good place to begin is the (Subject Map), which lists resources by sub-topic, including African Americans (67 resources), Women's History (37 resources), and Natural Disasters (16 resources). Each resource is accompanied by a brief annotation that facilitates quick browsing.

We the People . . . Rarely Agree

Quiz Webform ID
22412
date_published
Teaser

What does the Constitution mean to you? Match each quote to the historical figure whose view of the Constitution it reveals.

quiz_instructions

September 17, Constitution Day, commemorates the 1787 signing of the Constitution. Ever since its creation, the Constitution has provoked patriotic passion and heated debate. Match the quotes below to the historical figure whose view of the Constitution they reveal.

Quiz Answer

1. "Our Constitution is so simple and practical that it is possible always to meet extraordinary needs by changes in emphasis and arrangement without loss of essential form."

Herbert Hoover
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Woodrow Wilson
Abraham Lincoln

Roosevelt spoke these words on March 4, 1933, in his First Inaugural Address— which also included his famous phrase "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself." In this speech, FDR first assured the American people that he had faith that the Constitution and current understandings of constitutionally-acceptable presidential power were sufficient to overcome the crisis posed by the Great Depression. He then went on to note that, if necessary for the good of the country, he would ask Congress for executive power equivalent to that granted in wartime.

During his presidency, many of FDR's New Deal reforms would be found unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court, leading to constant tension and conflict between the President and the court.

2. "In examining the Constitution of the United States, which is the most perfect federal constitution that ever existed, one is startled, on the other hand, at the variety of information and the excellence of discretion which it presupposes in the people whom it is meant to govern."

Pierre-Etienne Du Ponceau
Benjamin Franklin
Alexis de Tocqueville
Marquis de Lafayette

In his book Democracy in America, French thinker, writer, and politician Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859), considers the strengths and weakness of the American federal system of government as it was in the early 1830s, when he visited the young country on a 9-month tour. This passage comes from chapter 8 of the book's first volume: "On the Federal Constitution." Subheading "The Federal Constitution, Part V," "Why the Federal System is Not Adapted to All Peoples" looks at the uniqueness of the Constitution and of the expectations it sets out for the people putting it into practice.

3. "A sacred compact, forsooth! We pronounce it the most bloody and heaven-daring arrangement ever made by men for the continuance and protection of a system of the most atrocious villainy ever exhibited on earth."

William Lloyd Garrison
Frederick Douglass
John Murray Spear
Lydia Maria Child

Fiery abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879) included this condemnation of the Constitution in the December 29, 1832, issue of his abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. The article in which it appeared, titled "On the Constitution and the Union," denounced the Constitution for allowing slavery to exist in the U.S., calling it a document "dripping" "with human blood."

Garrison famously burned a copy of the Constitution at a 4th of July gathering in Farmingham, MA.

4. "The Constitution was founded on the law of gravitation. The government was to exist and move by virtue of the efficacy of 'checks and balances.' The trouble with the theory is that government is not a machine, but a living thing."

Woodrow Wilson
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
Lyndon B. Johnson

Woodrow Wilson included these words in his 1913 book The New Freedom: A Call for the Emancipation of the Generous Energies of a People, which laid out many of the views on which he had campaigned for the presidency. Writing in 1885, in his earlier book Congressional Government, Wilson saw many problems in the United States' established form of government, arguing that the Founders' system of checks and balances obscured responsibility more than it ensured balance. Wilson saw the Constitution as a product of a certain time and place, with questionable relevance to the present day.

For more information

For the full text of FDR's 1st Inaugural Address and related primary sources, turn to the Library of Congress's American Memory site "I Do Solemnly Swear . . .": Presidential Inaugurations' page on the speech. Many presidential inaugural speeches make reference to the Constitution, revealing the view of the Constitution that the president giving the speech holds (or claims to hold); search this collection for other presidents speaking on the document and its iconic status in U.S. government and culture.

You might also look at the American Memory collection Documents from the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention for 277 primary source documents "relating to the work of Congress and the drafting and ratification of the Constitution."

The National Endowment for the Humanities' EDSITEment looks further at the life and accomplishments of Alexis de Tocqueville in an August 2009 feature on the author and the introduction to his Democracy in America. The feature collects suggestions for teaching the introduction and selected links; a link to the full text of the book's two volumes, hosted by the University of Virginia, is included.

The full text of William Lloyd Garrison's "On the Constitution and the Union" can be read here, as can other articles by Garrison, in TeachingAmericanHistory.org's Document Library (which includes the Constitution and a range of other founding documents).

Project Gutenberg, a database of out-of-copyright public domain texts, hosts the full text of Wilson's The New Freedom, as well as other works by Wilson.

For more on the Constitution, try NHEC's 2008 round-up of Constitution and Constitution Day resources for teachers. Or how about checking out what the U.S. government thinks citizens should know about the Constitution? U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services offers a downloadable study guide for the current naturalization test, with sections on the Constitution.

Sources
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Portrait, Franklin D. Roosevelt
Portrait, Franklin D. Roosevelt
Portrait, Franklin D. Roosevelt
Portrait, Franklin D. Roosevelt
Portrait, Franklin D. Roosevelt
Portrait, Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Betty Ford Biography

Description

NBC's Campbell Brown looks back at Betty Ford's life: her marriage to President Gerald Ford and her activism for causes like breast cancer awareness and substance abuse treatment.

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The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Description

The fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist factory in New York City was the deadliest workplace disaster in New York history until 9/11. David Von Drehle, the author of Triangle: The Fire that Changed America, discusses the fire in this segment from the NBC Today Show.

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