Across the Generations: Exploring U.S. History through Family Papers

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Photo, Edward Kellogg Dunham, Sr., with daughter Theodora, Wilhelm (?), 1897
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This collection from one of the nation's leading repositories for sources on women's history features photographs, letters, account books, diaries, legal documents, artwork, and memorabilia generated by four prominent northeastern families from the late 18th through the early 20th centuries. The four families—the Bodmans, Dunhams, Garrisons, and Hales—are white, middle-class families, and their experiences represent only a portion of American society in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

This site features 63 documents and images gathered from the families' papers ,and there are two ways to navigate them: by family or by one of four themes (Family Life, Social Awareness and Reform, Arts and Leisure, and Work). Each family or theme has its own page, with short (350–500 word) interpretive text combined with excerpts from the documents. Each excerpt is accompanied by links to the entire document—both a scanned image and a transcription.

The theme "family life" contains documents that reflect courtship patterns over the 19th century, childrearing practices, and 19th-century gender roles. "Social awareness and reform" features items related to the abolition of slavery and changing perceptions of race, and women's suffrage. Some of the materials within "arts and leisure" reflect increased opportunities for professional women artists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The "work" theme includes materials that demonstrate the barriers women faced within the workplace. This site, when supplemented with additional resources, can help show students how to use family papers to study U.S. history.

Historical World War II Photos

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Photo, Lt. John W. Wainwright Of Marshall, Texas. . . , NARA
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NOTE: Unpublished as too commercial, 2/8/12

Historical World War II Photos claims to be the largest free collection of World War II photographs available online, digitized from the National Archives.

The downside to the site is that it's unclear whether registration is free or not. One page claims that you can sign up for a free seven-day trial, while the actual registration page simply states that the site is free.

Regardless of registration cost ambiguity, there is still plenty to do without signing up. Access to the photographs is free, and you can search by keyword or using a list of topics located on the main page. Once you find a photograph that you are interested in, you can select it for a large copy. Then click on "About image" in the toolbar above the photo for a list of information on the work—source, author, caption, location, categories, and more. If registered users have accessed the photo, they may have added annotations, such as comments, names of individuals pictured, and text transcriptions; connections, links to small informative pages; and spotlights, which appear to be notices that one or more users have marked the photograph as being of interest.

Take a look at a sample connection on Kristallnacht. The page offers a timeline, links to all the photos listed as related, facts, stories, and links. This information appears to be largely user-generated, so it would require fact-checking; but it could be a handy way to connect photographs to the bigger picture or to find photographs related to a particular event, person, or topic.

Without registering, all of the above can be accessed. What you can't do is participate in annotating, spotlighting, linking connections, or uploading your own World War II photos.

Even without the annotations, this website would be worth your time. The search system is easy to use, and breaks results down into categories, helping you to narrow your search.

Freedom Now! An Archival Project of Tougaloo College and Brown University

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Brochure, Fundraising to aid. . . , 1970, NAACP, Tougaloo College Archives
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This searchable archive offers more than 250 documents from the Mississippi Freedom Movement, the struggle to register African Americans to vote in Mississippi in the early 1960s, and the continuing Brown-Tougaloo Cooperative Exchange that grew out of it. The Freedom Movement was "one of the most inspiring and important examples of grass-roots activism in U.S. history." The archive includes books; manuscripts; periodicals; correspondence; interview transcripts; photographs; artifacts; and legal, organizational, and personal documents.

The collection can be searched by document type, keyword, or topic, including black power/black nationalism, college students, gender issues, incarceration, labor issues, legislation, media, non-violence, protest, segregation, and state government. The site offers two lesson plans on the Mississippi Freedom Movement based on documents in the database, one focused on the experiences of college-aged civil rights workers during the Freedom Movement and the other on voter registration. Other teaching resources include links to five websites on teaching with primary documents, six sites related to the African-American civil rights movement, and eight related books. This site is a useful resource for researching the Mississippi Freedom Movement, the history and people of the civil rights movement, or African-American history.

New York State Civilian Conservation Corps Museum jmccartney Wed, 10/07/2009 - 14:39
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Photo, Sawing ice off of Gilbert Lake to be stored in the Ice House...
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In the aftermath of the Great Depression, the federal government developed many programs designed to ease unemployment and put people back to work. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was one of these federal programs and this site was created as an introduction to the significant role the Corps played in the development of New York State's Gilbert Lake State Park. From 1933 to 1941, CCC Company 212, SP-11, lived and worked at Gilbert Lake. Those unfamiliar with the park should read the 1,300-word essay about Gilbert Lake and its accompanying 1,400-word essay, History of the CCC at Gilbert Lake, about the contribution of the CCC to the park.

The center of this otherwise simple exhibit is the more than 150 photographs. They include pictures of young men swimming in the lake, enjoying sack races, and building the camp. Visitors will also find recent photographs of the camp, including a 1999 restoration project of one of the park's cabin. The site is rounded out by three donated letters from people with memories about the CCC at Gilbert Lake and those interested will find the 40-item bibliography useful.

Letters of Note

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Sketch from letter, 18 March 1888, Vincent van Gogh, Van Gogh Museum Amsterdam
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Letters of Note is the blog of a freelance copywriter. It consists of a collection of correspondence from prior to the 1600s to present day, and updates with a new letter every weekday.

Before you take a look at the site, there are a few items to keep in mind. First, be aware that the site does contain letters with profanity and potentially offensive language. As a result, this would not be a resource you would want to send your students to, but it can still be of use for locating letters to present in the classroom. The second cautionary note is that the letters come from a wide variety of sources. Some are submitted by readers, while others come from sources as respected as presidential libraries and the Library of Congress. If you find a letter of interest, be sure to take the time to ascertain its validity. The letter source is listed in each entry.

To find letters which are pertinent to the classroom, the best thing to do is access the archives, which provide a number of ways to browse the blog contents—including a list of notable figures who wrote, were written to, or were written about in one or more of the letters on the site. Each name links to the related letters. For example, "Abraham Lincoln" links to a letter of condolences from Queen Victoria to Mary Todd Lincoln following Lincoln's assassination, a response which Lincoln wrote to students who requested that he totally abolish slavery, the famed observation that he should grow whiskers, and a summary of Lincoln's political position as written to one A.G. Hodges, Esq.

The Blues, Black Vaudeville, and the Silver Screen, 1912-1930s

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Circular for the Plaza Theatre advertising. . . , c. 1929, The Blues. . . site
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In the early 20th century, Macon, Georgia's Douglass Theater was one of Georgia's primary entertainment venues for blacks outside of Atlanta. Over the course of its more than 60-year history, the theater featured famous vaudeville acts, singers such as Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith, boxing matches, as well as both silent and talking films. This website features 100 documents from the files of the theater's owner, Charles Henry Douglass, a prominent black businessman in Macon. Letters, financial statements, contracts, theater newsletters, and advertisements shed light not only on events and business transactions at the Douglass Theater, but on the wider business community supporting African American theaters in the South. A good place to begin is the "Introduction to the Douglass Theater in Macon," a detailed background essay with links to a variety of documents from the collection, including account book pages detailing one week's profits in 1923, and a series of letters exchanged between the theater's temporary manager in the late 1920s and his brother documenting the challenges of the theater business. The materials are transcribed and annotated, and browseable by author, date, type, subject, and title.

Slavery in Canada

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 Photo, William Henson escaped from slavery. . . , Daniel G. Hill, NYPL
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This website covers a topic that often goes overlooked—that slavery spread as far north as Canada.

Resources include portions of a slave autobiography; slave narratives; Underground Railroad stories and songs; articles from abolitionist newspapers; short timelines (1600-1699, 1700-1799, 1800-1899, and 1900-present); more than 60 biographies of slaves; 10 images, including maps, photographs, artworks, and newspaper scans; radio and documentary links; and a collection of web links relevant to the topic. The included glossary and chapter quizzes are not currently working.

However, the site could prove useful for locating primary sources which attest to the geographical breadth of slavery in North America.

Slavery and the Making of America

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Image, Graphic from Religion, Slavery and the Making of America
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This extensive companion to the PBS documentary of the same name provides interpretive and primary material on the history of African-Americans during slavery and Reconstruction, including essays, personal narratives, original documents, historical readings, and lesson plans. The "Time and Place" chronology of slavery and Reconstruction places the main events of U.S. history relating to African Americans between 1619 and 1881 in their historical context. "Slave Memories" allows visitors to hear the voices of African Americans recorded by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) on their experiences in slavery and Reconstruction. "Resources" includes 17 print resources, 23 books for children, and 30 websites related to slavery. "Slave Experience" allows users to explore slave life through the themes of legal rights and government; family; men, women, and gender; living conditions; education, arts, and culture; religion; responses to enslavement; and freedom and emancipation. Each features essays, historical overviews, original documents, and personal narratives.

A K-12 learning section features historical readings of narratives, slave stories and letters, student plays, links to 19 sites with primary sources, and six lesson plans for middle and high school. This website is a valuable resource for teachers as well as an excellent introduction and overview for those with an interest in the history of slavery and slave life in America.

Oxford African American Studies Center

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Lithograph c. 1850
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(Note: This website is now subscription-only.)

Designed for students, scholars, and librarians, this site provides access to thousands of primary source documents, maps, images, bibliographic entries, and subject entries drawn from reference resources in African American studies. Six published volumes furnish the majority of the resources: the Encyclopedia of African American History 1619-1895; Black Women in America, Second Edition; Africana, a five-volume history of the African and African American experience; the African American National Biography project, edited by Henry Louis Gates, Jr.; the Encyclopedia of African American Art and Architecture; and the Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature.

These sources present a wealth of primary source documents, more than 1,000 images, and close to 100 maps, which illustrate events from 1500s South America through the Clinton Presidency. The site also includes more than 5,000 biographies and 3,000 subject entries on events and people, such as 19th-century African American midwives in the Western United States, prominent abolitionists, and charts on African American professional baseball. Useful for research, reference, and class projects on all aspects of African American history.

North American Slave Narratives, Beginnings to 1920

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Image, "Fighting the Mob in Indiana," 1892, North American Slave Narratives
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Offering 230 full-text documents, this collection presents the written lives of American slaves, including all known published slave narratives and many published biographies of slaves. Materials include autobiographical narratives of fugitive and former slaves published in a range of formats, such as broadsides, pamphlets, and books.

In addition, biographies of fugitive and formal slaves and fictionalized slave narratives are included. The collection includes well-known authors, such as Sojourner Truth and Frederick Douglass, as well as many authors less commonly known. Documents are available in HTML and SGML/TEI file formats and are accessible through alphabetical and chronological listings. Users can also view images of the covers, spines, title pages, and versos of title pages. Documents have been indexed by subject, but searches return materials in additional collections. An introductory essay by Professor William Andrews is available.